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Biology encompasses the study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment, exploring their characteristics, organization, energy utilization, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and evolution. It also examines the levels of biological organization, ranging from atoms and molecules to ecosystems and the biosphere.

The scientific method serves as a framework for inquiry in biology, involving observation, questioning, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusion drawing. Life is classified into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, with cells being the basic units of life, categorized as prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Energy processes within cells involve cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

Genetics focuses on heredity, DNA structure, and the transmission of traits from one generation to the next. Evolution, driven by natural selection, leads to the accumulation of advantageous traits in populations over time. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, homologous structures, and other comparative features among species.